Hubungan Status Merokok dengan Karboksihemoglobin Darah Menggunakan Metode Ammonium Hidroksida
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57218/juster.v5i2.2841Keywords:
karbon monoksida, karboksihemoglobin, perokok aktif, non-perokok, ammonium hidroksidaAbstract
Merokok merupakan salah satu faktor risiko gangguan kesehatan karena asap rokok mengandung berbagai zat toksik, termasuk karbon monoksida (CO). CO memiliki afinitas tinggi terhadap hemoglobin sehingga membentuk karboksihemoglobin (COHb) yang dapat menghambat transport oksigen (O2) dalam darah. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji hubungan antara status individu sebagai perokok aktif maupun non-perokok dengan keberadaan COHb. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah analitik deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 20 responden yang terdiri atas 10 perokok aktif dan 10 non-perokok. Pemeriksaan COHb dilakukan secara kualitatif menggunakan ammonium hidroksida (NH4OH). Analisis hubungan antarvariabel dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji Chi-square dan Fisher’s Exact yang diolah melalui aplikasi jamovi. Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan seluruh responden perokok aktif (100%) positif mengandung COHb, sedangkan pada kelompok non-perokok terdapat 4 responden (40%) dengan hasil positif dan 6 responden (60%) dengan hasil negatif. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa status merokok memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan keberadaan COHb, ditunjukkan oleh nilai signifikansi uji Chi-square (p = 0,003) dan Fisher’s Exact (p = 0,011). Dengan demikian, terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kebiasaan merokok dan keberadaan karbon monoksida dalam darah.
References
Adeleye, A. T., Bahar, M. M., Megharaj, M., Fang, C., & Rahman, M. M. (2026). Microplastic fibers and leachates from cigarette butts: Environmental impacts, toxicological concerns, and circular economy-driven solutions. Environmental Research, 297, 124160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2026.124160
Delvau, N., Elens, L., Penaloza, A., Liistro, G., Thys, F., Roy, P. M., Gianello, P., & Hantson, P. (2024). Carboxyhemoglobin half-life toxicokinetic profiles during and after normobaric oxygen therapy: On a swine model. Toxicology Reports, 12, 271–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.02.005
Dillinger, J.-G., Pezel, T., Delmas, C., Schurtz, G., Trimaille, A., Piliero, N., Bouleti, C., Lattuca, B., Andrieu, S., Fabre, J., Rossanaly Vasram, R., Dib, J.-C., Aboyans, V., Fauvel, C., Roubille, F., Gerbaud, E., Boccara, A., Puymirat, E., Toupin, S., Vicaut, E., Henry, P. (2024). Carbon monoxide and prognosis in smokers hospitalised with acute cardiac events: A multicentre, prospective cohort study. eClinicalMedicine, 67, 102401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102401
Effendi, D. E., Ardani, I., Handayani, S., Agustiya, R. I., Nugroho, A. P., Oktriyanto, O., Paramita, A., Febriyanty, D., Novita, R., & Yulianto, A. (2024). Factors associated with quitting smoking among males: Findings from Indonesian national health survey. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 28, 101672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2024.101672
Eromosele, O. B., Shapira-Daniels, A., Yuan, A., Lukan, A., Akinrimisi, O., Chukwurah, M., Nayor, M., Benjamin, E. J., & Lin, H. (2024). The association of exhaled carbon monoxide with atrial fibrillation and left atrial size in the Framingham Heart Study. American Heart Journal Plus: Cardiology Research and Practice, 45, 100439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahjo.2024.100439
Hampson, N. B. (2018). Carboxyhemoglobin: A primer for clinicians. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, 45(2), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.22462/03.04.2018.3
Hardesty, J. J., Kaplan, B., Martini, S., Megatsari, H., Kennedy, R. D., & Cohen, J. E. (2019). Smoking among female daily smokers in Surabaya, Indonesia. Public Health, 172, 40–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.03.007
Jafari, B., Hsia, W. J., & Eusebio, E. (2026). Beyond hypoxemia: Endogenous carboxyhemoglobin as a prognostic window into acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respiratory Medicine, 254, 108714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2026.108714
Kozlova, E., Chernysh, A., Kozlov, A., Sergunova, V., & Sherstyukova, E. (2020). Assessment of carboxyhemoglobin content in the blood with high accuracy: Wavelength range optimization for nonlinear curve fitting of optical spectra. Heliyon, 6(8), e04622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04622
Luna, R.-S., James, G.-P., Esteban, M.-M., & Francisco, I. (2019). In-silico design of peptide receptor for carboxyhemoglobin recognition. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 14, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2019.01.003
Mazaki, Y., Miwa, S., Shinkai, R., & Horinouchi, T. (2025). Effects of nicotine- and tar-free smoke extracts from combustible cigarettes and heated tobacco products on the function of neutrophil-like HL-60 cells. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 159(4), 322–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphs.2025.10.004
Ntarisa, A. V. (2024). Heavy metals concentration and human health risk assessment in tobacco cigarette products from Tanzania. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 52(8), 100428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjac.2024.100428
Nugraheni, W. P., Paramashanti, B. A., Lestyoningrum, S. D., Kurniasih, D. A. A., & Idris, H. (2025). Decomposition of socioeconomic inequalities in smoking status in Indonesia: A decade of widening gaps. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 35, 102147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102147
Ozgunay, S. E., Karasu, D., Dulger, S., Yilmaz, C., & Tabur, Z. (2018). Relationship between cigarette smoking and the carbon monoxide concentration in the exhaled breath with perioperative respiratory complications. Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition), 68(5), 462–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjane.2018.02.003
Rachmani, E., Handayani, S., Saptorini, K. K., Nurjanah, Kusuma, D., Ahsan, A., Kusuma, E. J., Atique, S., & Jumanto, J. (2024). Why do youths initiate to smoke? A data mining analysis on tobacco advertising, peer, and family factors for Indonesian youths. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Update, 6, 100168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpbup.2024.100168
Rankin, G., Wingfors, H., Öberg, L., Blomberg, A., Hedman, L., Bosson, J. A., & Lundbäck, M. (2026). Chemical characterisation and cytotoxic analysis of an electronic cigarette and heated tobacco product compared to a conventional cigarette in human lung cell lines. Toxicology in Vitro, 112, 106199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2026.106199
Samuel, J. M., Kahl, J. H., Zaney, M. E., Hime, G. W., & Boland, D. M. (2021). Comparison of Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Carboxyhemoglobin in Postmortem Blood. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 45(8), 885–891. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkab065
Sudnitsyna, J., Ruzhnikova, T. O., Panteleev, M. A., Kharazova, A., Gambaryan, S., & Mindukshev, I. V. (2024). Chloride Gradient Is Involved in Ammonium Influx in Human Erythrocytes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(13), 7390. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137390
Vámos, O., Kulcsár, N., Mikecs, B., Kelemen, K., Kaán, R., Abafalvi, L., Dinya, E., Vág, J., Hermann, P., & Kispélyi, B. (2024). Acute effects of traditional and electronic cigarettes on palatal blood flow in smokers: A cross-over pilot study. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, 14(2), 152–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2024.01.012
Watabe, Y., Giam Chuang, V. T., Sakai, H., Ito, C., Enoki, Y., Kohno, M., Otagiri, M., Matsumoto, K., & Taguchi, K. (2025). Carbon monoxide alleviates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury via NADPH oxidase inhibition in macrophages and neutrophils. Biochemical Pharmacology, 233, 116782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2025.116782.
